1) Does "Holding" LITERALLY have to be "Holding"?
I saw a punt with a nice return where a member of R blocked a member of K by simply lying on top of him. I didn't see how they went to the ground, but as the returner ran through the area, we had a big lineman from R lying on top of a smaller man from K. This clearly was not a situation of someone getting up slowly. This was clearly a big guy with both hands and both feet on the ground lying on top of a helpless smaller guy. But he wasn't LITERALLY HOLDING him.
It was flagged for holding.
2) A 4th & 5 at B 20. QB goes under center and then stands up looking confused with both hands in the air. He looks like he's about to call timeout, but then jogs perhaps 4 steps toward his bench, leans toward his bench with his hands up and looking confused. QB's motion is not forward and he is the only one moving. The ball is then snapped directly to RB. The RB muffs the snap so the play ends in a loss anyway, but there was no flag. I thought these kinds of plays were outlawed. This was a superbly officiated game, but I'm thinking they missed one here.
3) A runs it in for a TD but it's called back for holding. Penalty is accepted, of course, and marked off. Clock was started on the SNAP. That is correct because the result of the play was a score which is a clock stoppage?